Examining Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Techniques

Examining Enhanced vegetable coarse anele convalescence (EOR) TechniquesEnhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) is a generic term for techniques utilize for increasing the marrow of crude anele that sight be extracted from an fossil embrocate hale up. Using EOR, 30-60 % of the root original crude ignore be extracted comp ard with 20-40% utilize primary and supplementary recuperation techniques.Enhanced fossil anele detecty is in addition called improved embrocate color convalescence or tertiary retrieval. This improved extraction is achieved by be adrift shooting, chemical substance crack and thermal date fromy (which includes cyclic stream, stream flooding, and come alive flooding). botch up scene is the most ordinaryly implementd EOR technique here(predicate) bumble such as century paper dioxide (CO2), inherent turgidity, or north is injected into the beginning whereupon it expands and thitherby zipes redundant cover color to a output wellbore , and except thaws in the petroleum to early baseer its viscidness and improve the pay heed lay of the fossil crude oil. Oil mislayment by carbon dioxide stab relies on the period behaviour of carbon dioxide and crude oil mixture that be powerfully dependent on rootage temperature, printing press and crude oil composition. These mechanisms orbital cavity from oil swelling and viscosity reduction for injection of immiscible stills (at low drive) to completely miscible displacement in game hale applications. In these applications, more than half and up to two-third of the injected carbon dioxide returns with the holdd oil and is familiarly re-injected into the reservoir to minimize operating(a) cost. The remainder is trapped in the oil reservoir by various bastardlys.Other techniques include thermal recuperation (which uses love to improve flow wander) and, more r arly, chemical injection, where polymers ar injected to increase the speciality of wet floo ds or the use of detersive-like surfactants such as to help swallow the capillary mash that ofttimes prevents oil droplets from moving through and through a reservoir. Surfactant raise piss floods atomic number 18 utilise for oil recuperation where surfactants argon injected with polymer. piddlingbic Enhanced oil Recovery (MEOR) is leave-takingicularly meet for application in carbonate reservoir, after secondary oil retrieval, there argon so far large descend of oil left in the reservoir. Some bacteria be able to increase the oil action when injected into the oil reservoir. To stimulate such an aerophilic microbial increased oil recovery, nutrients is injected together with the injection water.Oil recovery begs two to three periods which are briefly described belowStage 1 Primary Recovery 12 15 % of the oil in the well is find without the sine qua non to introduce other substances into the well.Stage 2 Secondary Recovery The oil well is flooded with water or ot her substances to obtain an additional 15-20% more oil from the well.Stage 3 3rd Recovery This stage may be accomplished through several methods which includes MEOR to additionally recover up to 11% more oil from the well.Layout for dissimilar recovery techniques are shown in figure 1. Primary and secondary recovery techniques are normally called conventional recovery. Primary recovery is through with(p) by innate flow which is usually intensify by reservoir natural pressure, and artificial overcharge such as pumps and particle accelerator short-change, etc. Secondary recovery is done by water folding and pressure maintenance by gas reinjection. Tertiary recovery techniques cover enormous area which includes thermal recovery such as in-situ combustion and travel flooding, solvent recovery is done by methods such as polymer flooding and surfactant enhanced water flood. Chemical enhanced recovery methods include gas injection or hydrocarbon miscible injection and nitrogen a nd flue gas flooding. littlebial enhanced oil recovery which is the main focus of this project go out be explained better in the next chapter, yet it is basically injection of microbes such as bacteria into oil reservoir to help recover oil. All these methods of oil recovery go forth be explained briefly.PRIMARY recoveryIf the underground pressure in the oil reservoir is sufficient, thus this pressure will force the oil out to the surface of the earth. Gaseous fuel, natural gas or water is usually empower, which to a fault supply subscribe toful underground pressure. In this situation, it is sufficient to place a complex administration of valves (Christmas tree) on the well head to connect the well to a product line network for storage and processing. Normally oil is recovered by natural means and artificial lift like pumps and gas lift.SECONDARY retrievalOver a lifetime of an oil well, the pressure will drib and at close to point there will be inadequate underground p ressure to force the oil to the surface of the earth. If economical, as often is, more oil in the well is extracted using secondary recovery methods. Secondary oil recovery uses various techniques to aid in convalescent oil from depleted or low pressure reservoir. Sometimes, pumps such as beam pumps and electric submersible pumps (ESPs) are used to pump the oil to the surface of the earth. Other secondary recovery techniques increases the reservoirs pressure by water injection, natural gas reinjection and gas lift, which inject air, carbon dioxide or some other gases into the reservoir. Together, primary and secondary recovery generally allows 25-35 % of the reservoir oil to be recovered.Water injectionThe productivity of existing oil rise bum be authoritatively increased by the use of water injection. Statistics has shown that a reservoir get under ones skins just 37% oil in the first-year recovery. By using water injection, a reservoir drop pay back more than 50% of its oi l. One of the most important issues during oil output signal is to keep the matrix/ mannikin angleation as clean as contingent to maintain maximum oil output. Water is injected for two reasons first is for pressure support of the reservoir. Second is to sweep or displace the oil from the reservoir, and push it outward.Gas liftGas lift is one of a add together of processes used to artificially lift oil from a well, where there is short reservoir pressure. The process involves injecting gas through the tube-casing annulus. Injected gases aerate the liquified and go down its density so the formation pressure is then able to lift the oil column and forces the fluid out of the wellbore. Gas may be injected continuously or intermittently, depending on the producing characteristics of the well and the ar sayment of the gas-lift equipment. Although the gas is recovered from the oil at a latter separation stage, the process requires vitality to drive a compressor in monastic order to raise the pressure of the gas to a level where it back end be reinjected.TERTIARY RECOVERYTertiary recovery reduces the oil viscosity to increase oil output. Thermally enhanced oil recovery methods (TEOR) are tertiary recovery techniques that heat the oil and make it easier to flow or extract. Steam injection is the most common form of TEOR, and is often done with a cogeneration plant. In this type of cogeneration plant, a gas turbine is used to generate electricity and the waste heat is used to produce steam, which is then injected into the reservoir. un give-up the ghostd(p) burning is another form of TEOR, save when instead of steam, some of the oil is burnt to heat the surrounding oil. Occasionally, detergents are also used to decrease oil viscosity as a tertiary oil recovery method, another method to reduce viscosity is carbon dioxide flooding. Tertiary recovery begins when secondary oil recovery isnt exuberant to continue adequate output signal, nevertheless only w hen the oil can still be extracted profitably. (Hitzman 1983)Gas injection or Hydrocarbon Miscible injectionGas injection is the most commonly used EOR technique, here, gas such as carbon dioxide is injected into the reservoir whereupon it expands and thereby pushes additional oil to a production wellbore, and moreover dissolves in the oil to get off its viscosity and improves the flow rate of the oil. Oil displacement by carbon dioxide injection relies on the micro telescope stage behaviour of carbon dioxide and crude oil mixture that are powerfully dependent on reservoir temperature, pressure and crude oil composition. These mechanisms celestial orbit from oil swelling and viscosity reduction for injection of immiscible fluid (at low pressure) to completely miscible displacement in racy pressure applications. In these applications, more than half and up to two-third of the injected carbon dioxide returns with the produced oil and is usually reinjected into the reservoir by var ious means. normality and gas floodingnorthward and flue gas rough 87 % nitrogen and 12 % carbon dioxide is used in place of hydrocarbon gases because of economical reasons. Nitrogen competes with carbon dioxide because it is economical and its compressibility is much let down. For a given quantity at well-worn condition nitrogen will occupy much more home at reservoir pressure than carbon dioxide and methane at the same condition. Nitrogen has a poor solubility and lower viscosity in oil and requires much gameyer pressure to create miscibility.THERMAL RECOVERYIn-situ combustionFire flooding is world cheapest means of thermal recovery, however, significant amount of amount of fuel must be burned, both prouder up the ground to compress the air, and below ground in the combustion process. truly the worst part of the crude oil is burnt, the lighter end are carried forward in advance of the burning zone to upgrade the crude oil.Stream floodingIn the steam drive, steam Is continu ally introduced in the injection well to reduce the viscosity of the oil and provide a capricious force to move oil towards the production well. Steam driving may work by driving water and oil to form an oil bank in front of steamed zone. Ideally this steam bank remains n front, increasing in size until it is produced by the well offsetting the injector. However, in many cases the steam flows over the oil and depute heat by conduction. Oil at the interface will then be less viscous and dragged along with the steam to the producing well. Recoverability is increased because the steam lowers the oil viscosity and improves the oil mobility. The more mobile oil displace the steam zone expands vertically, and the steam oil interface is maintained.Chemical injectionOther techniques which uses heat to improve flow rates (and more rarely) is chemical injection, where polymers are injected to increase the effectiveness of water floods, or the use of detergent like surfactants to help lower the capillary pressure that often prevents oil droplets from moving through a reservoir. Alkaline flooding is an effective chemical EOR method.SOLVENT RECOVERYPolymer floodingBoth synthetic polymer such as polyacrylamides and natural polymers are used for improvement of sweep efficiency. Additional polymer makes the water more viscous so that oil is produced faster. Obviously, this is not a nice idea n a low permeability reservoir or one with tall clay content that absorb the polymer. However, polymer-augmented water floods can be profitableSurfactant-Enhanced Water floodThree types of chemical floods exist. The first is an alkaline-augmented polymer flood. Another is an alkaline-surfactant polymer flood. The third is a mi cellular telephonear or low interface emphasis flood (Donaldson, 1989).AIM AND OBJECTIVESThe aim of this project is to study the adaptability of anaerobic bacteria (Clostridium Thyrobutyricum 633) to different salinities and check the effect of the microbial st rain on permeability of the Danish Nord ocean Chalk.To achieve this aim, the following(a) objectives have been set fall in adaptability of microbial strain to high salinitiesMicrobial gas production and kinetics of metabolismCarry out plate count prove notification of unrest process and microbial analysisTo determine and bill the mountain of carbon dioxide gas produced by these microbes when exposed to different salinitiesTo determine the amount of acid produced during zymolysis processStatistical analysis of results to derive nonplusImprovement of experimental bitThe project work is based on studying of the microbial enhanced oil recovery method and the possibilities of using this in the Danish sector of the Nord Sea. The project task applies experimental procedure and the specific to investigate if these microbes can survive under reservoir conditions and produce products important in oil recovery.CHAPTER TWOLITERATURE REVIEW microbial ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY (MEOR)MEOR is used in the third phase of oil recovery from a well, it is a tertiary oil recovery technique. MEOR is the use of micro-organisms to retrieve additional oil from an existing well, thereby enhancing the petroleum production of an oil reservoir. In this technique, selected natural micro-organisms are introduced into oil well to produce harmless spin-offs like carbon dioxide. These process help to taunt the oil and facilitate oil flow by reducing the viscosity of the oil and making the rock n roll leaky, thereby allowing more amount of oil to be recovered from a well. Amongst the available tertiary oil recovery techniques, MEOR is arguably the best for many reasons. One key factor in the selection of microbial enhanced oil recovery is the economical potential, by which desirable chemicals and gases are produced to enhance oil recovery. MEOR processes are also zipper efficient and environmental friendly as compared to other recovery techniques. record of microbes usedMEOR is a techn ology that has a history based on over 60 years of research and field studies. The earlier workings by ZoBell CE and Updegraff D (USA), Kuznetsov SI and Shturn DL (USSR), shows the international scope of the work. This work was expanded in the 1950s mainly by investigators Coty VF, Yarborough H and Hitzman DO in the major oil companies in the United States. In MEOR, the process that facilitates oil production is complex and may involve fivefold biochemical processes. Microbial biomass or biopolymers may plug high permeability zones and lead to a redirection of water flood, produce surfactants which lead to increased militarization of residual oil, increase gas pressure by the production of carbon dioxide or reduce the oil viscosity due to digestion of large molecules. action of MEOR technologiesMEOR technologies have the common basis of introducing or stimulating viable micro organisms in an oil well reservoir for the purpose of enhancing oil recovery. However, this broad generic definition of MEOR is not a single methodology but is a broader technology which can be designed for different and selective applications. It is convenient to divide the MEOR technology into the following application groupsSingle well stimulationMEOR water floodsParaffins removalViscosity modificationWater warpHeavy oil modificationThe classification of MEOR technology by the proposed oil releasing mechanism shows the range of microbial effects which can be identified or expected to occur to which the MEOR system can be directed.MEOR Oil Releasing MechanismGas generation The production of gases will aid the displacement of oil in the pore spaces.Acid production Organic and inorganic acid production by microbes will dissolve carbonate deposits, iron sulphide and dis stem and sulfate materials.Surfactant production Biosurfactants produced by the organisms result in the reduction of interfacial surface tension of the oil/water bond.Other MEOR oil releasing mechanisms includesPhysica l oil displacementBiopolymer productionHydrocarbon modificationViscosity modification discriminating plugging of high permeability zones wi load a reservoir is necessary to achieve oil recovery. This is best achieved in MEOR process where cells stimulated to grow deeply in a formation where production of biomass and products will have the greatest impact. If gain occurs primarily at the well bore, then face plugging will result, and no additional oil will be recovered, leaving the reservoir unproductive.The skill of MEORThe micro organisms used in MEOR can be applied to a single oil well or to an entire oil reservoir. They penury certain conditions to survive, so nutrients are often introduced into the well certain intervals. MEOR also requires that water be present. Micro organisms grow mingled with the oil and the well rock surface to enhance oil recovery by the following methodsReduction of oil viscosity Oil is a thick fluid that is quite viscous, meaning that it does not flo w easily. Micro organisms help blend down the molecular structure of crude oil, making it less viscous and easier to recover from the well.Production of carbon dioxide gas As a by-product of metabolism, micro organisms produce carbon dioxide gas. Over time, these gases accumulate and displace the oil in the well, driving it up and out of the ground.Production of biomass When micro organisms metabolize the nutrient they contract for survival, they produce organic biomass as a by-product. This biomass accumulates between the oil and the rock surface, physically displacing the oil and making it easier to recover from the well.Selective plugging Some micro organisms secrete slimy substances called exopolysaccharides to protect themselves from drying out or falling prey to other organisms. The substance helps bacteria plug the pores set in the rocks within the well so that oil may move past rock surfaces more easily. Blocking rock pores to facilitate the faecal matter of oil is real isen as selective plugging.Production of bio surfactants Micro organisms produce slippery substances called surfactants as they breakdown il. Because they are naturally produced by biologic micro organisms, they are referred to as bio surfactants. Bio surfactants act like slippery detergents, part the oil move more freely away from rock and crevices so that it may travel more easily out of the well.If we make a comparison between MEOR and other enhanced oil recovery, then we can see that MEOR is much adoptable, it offers multiple recovery mechanisms, low capital and operating cost, while in other enhanced oil recovery techniques, only a specified technology is applicable also has a high capital and operating cost.TYPES OF MICROBES AND THEIR SELECTIONMEOR has gained much attention in youthful times, but it is worth noting that not all microbes can survive in such conditions as found in an oil well, hence the microbes which are able to withstand these conditions are discussed belo wMicrobes used in MEOR on that point are many types of bacteria used in MEOR, they include aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and are divided on the basis of their need for oxygen. In this project work, the bacteria used were anaerobic from CHP-biogas plant at Ribe in Denmark.Selection of BacteriaThe selection of specific bacteria is considered in this method. on that point are a lot of bacteria available, but the normal conditions for majority of bacteria is 5 % Sodium chloride, optimum temperature of 37 degree Celsius, pH less than seven.Factors affecting growth of bacteriaThere are many factors which affects the growth of bacteria. Some of which are explained in the below common salt The term common salt refers to the amount of fade away salt that are present in water. Sodium chloride is the predominant ions in sea water, the immersion of magnesium, atomic number 20 and sulphate ions are also substantial. High salinity and toxic substances are responsible for limiting the growth of microbes. Halophiles are salt loving microbes which use atomic number 11 chloride and also have complex nutrient requirements. Moderate halophiles can grow anaerobically at temperature greater than 50o C. The salinity in the northern part of Danish oil field is about 40g/l or more. Since salinity too high, formation water is diluted with sea water during injection in the well. In order to perform experimental and laboratory analysis, a sample of produce water is taken so as to make love how much salinity can be controlled therefore microbial gas production has been tested up to 140g/l.Temperature extremum high temperature affects the growth of bacteria, although they need average temperature for growth. Thermopiles are bacteria which are heat loving these bacteria have an optimum growth temperature of 45 o C 80 o C. Their membranes are unusually stable at this extremely high temperature. Thus many important biotechnological processes utilise thermophilic enzymes because of t heir ability to withstand longing heat. So before injecting these bacteria into the reservoir, the temperature of the reservoir should be considered, therefore, selection of the correctly thermophilic bacteria for high temperature is very important.Effect of pH pH is the measure of acidity or alkalinity of a solution. Simply pH is the measure of concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution. It is a measure of the activity of dissolved hydrogen ion. In pure water at 25 o C, the concentration of hydrogen ion equals the concentration of hydroxide ions this is cognize as unbiassed and corresponds to a pH level of 7.0. Solutions in which the concentration of hydrogen ions exceeds that of hydroxyl ion has a pH level lower than 7.0 and are known ad bases. The pH reading of a solution is usually obtained by comparison unknown solution to those of known pH, and there are several slipway to do so. More favourable pH condition for micro organisms is about 7 and very few of them can grow below2 and above 10. Micro organisms capable of living at very low pH are called acidphilies and those which live at high pH are called alkaliphiles.Pressure Extreme pressure affects the growth and metabolism of micro organisms. A pressure lower than 100-200 atm has no effect on microbial metabolism, however, pressure of the range of 500-600 atm have limiting effect on growth of bacteria. The marine floor possesses high pressure. For most MEOR processes barophilic organisms will not be necessary, instead, barotolerant microbes can grow at high pressures, but do not require these high pressures for optimal growth. The ability to grow pressure depends on the heartiness sources available, inorganic salts present, pH and temperature. Adaptation of microbial cultures to higher pressure therefore is possible.Toxic elements Chemicals which have toxic effects on micro organisms are found in some reservoirs. These chemicals include co-surfactant, surfactant, biocides, ethylenediaminetetra acetate, and toluene, many of which are used in various chemical EOR operations. Sodium and Potassium may be exchanged without impairing the growth of micro organisms. Magnesium has higher toxicity than sodium and potassium, but the most toxic formation water are those with high Calcium Chloride (CaCl2), so adaptability should be considered before injecting micro organisms in such toxic environment.The choice of Clostridium TyrobutiricumThousands of bacteria have been investigated for MEOR purpose, but the fermentation bacteria remain the most popular especially Clostridia notes because they produce large volume of gas which include CO2, H2 and CH4. These gases produced, decrease the oil viscosity and increase the pressure in the oil reservoir. fermentFermentation is the process that produces alcoholic beverages or acidic dairy products. In general, fermentation involves the breaking down of complex organic substances into simpler ones. Waste products formed in this way include gas es, ethyl alcohol, butyl alcohol, organic acids, acetone and others. Molasses fermentation generates sinew rich metabolic product, which may react in the final vector decomposition line of sulphate reduction under anaerobic formation condition. With sulphate ion in the formation water, sulphur reduction predominates. Hydrogen sulphide produced is in truth not desirable.The organic acids are formed through fermentation of the molasses by the bacteria in the reservoir do cause a rock dissolving process.Dorben field (Germany), 1982, Dr. WagnerAnother reason for using fermentation bacteria is Dr. Wagner field trail. If we make comparison between Danish north oil field formation and Zechstein evaporates rocks which are similar to the Danish join Sea formation. Dolomite is also similar to Danish north field chalk. governing body temperature is quite similar and of course has a high salinity. Clostridia tyrobutiricum was selected for Dr. Wagners experiment.The characteristics of Dr. Wa gners experiment field are as followsDolomite of Zechstein formationsDepth of 1240mFormation temperature 53 oCHigh salinity formation water, even the fissures and fractures are partially make full with salt.The result of Dr. Wagners MEOR well experimentsWater cut decreased from 80 to 60 %Average annual oil productionBefore microbial intervention 50 tons per month3 months after injection cl tons per month1 year after injection three hundred tons per monthSince all these conditions are similar to Danish North Sea formation and other factors are also same, so we can use fermentation bacteria for MEOR experiment.Adaptation of bacteria to high salinities volume of the bacteria cannot withstand high salinity, from the time of ancient civilization it is known that adding 50 g/l of salt in food continue it from spoiling. This means that fermentation bacteria which normally populate organic substances has a challenge of adaptation in high salinity. The spore forming bacteria like clo stridium form spores in extreme conditions. These conditions allow bacteria to survive but they will not be active and would not be productive. infra extremely high salinities, bacteria undergo osmotic stress which is verbalised in osmotic pressure. osmotic pressure affects the water activity and production of CO2 gas during the fermentation process.OsmosisOsmosis is the passage of water from region of high concentration through a semi-permeable membrane to a region of lower water concentration.Semi permeable membrane are very thin layers of material (cell membrane are semi-permeable) which allow some substances to pass through them and prevent other substances from passing through. Cell membranes will allow small molecules like oxygen, water, CO2, ammonia, glucose, amino acid, etc. to pass through meanwhile, cell membranes do not allow passage of larger molecules like sucrose, starch, protein, etc.Osmotic pressureOsmotic pressure is hydrostatic pressure produced by a difference i n concentration between solutions on the two sides of a surface such as a semi permeable membrane. It was also observed that the bacteria change its morphology. For the case of clostridia it will mean that from rod-shape it turns to cocci-form which is simply the reflection of shrinkage.Potential osmotic pressurePotential osmotic pressure is the maximum osmotic pressure that could develop in a solution if it were separated from distilled water by a selectively permeable membrane. It is the number of solute particle in a unit volume of the solution that directly determines its potential osmotic pressure.Osmotic properties of cellsThe wall of bacteria and emergence plant cells are not completely rigid, and the turgor pressure has been proposed to provide the mechanically skillful force for the expansion of the cell walls during cell growth. The uptake or biogeny of osmotically active solutes causes an increase in the cells, thus providing the necessary tugor pressure for expansion o f the cell walls. Although the suggestion that turgor pressure is the driving force for cell wall expansion would imply that the mechanisms that regulate the osmotic balance of organisms are central to the very process of cell growth.Lipid membranes allow rapid diffusion of water molecules into or out of cells while presenting an effective restriction to most other biological molecules. Membranes that exhibit selective permeability for different substances are called semi permeable, and the osmotic properties of cells derive from this property of the membranes.Thermophyllic and Halophyllic bacteriaThere are bacteria which need high salinities and high temperatures for their growth. In order to investigate and record the conditions of microbes at high salinities and high temperature it is better to know about the bacteria which can withstand on these conditions. Important culture has been given about these type of bacteria is discussed below.A thermopile is an extremophile organis m which survives at relatively high temperatures. Thermophilic (heat-loving) organisms are organism with an optimum growth temperature of 50o C or more, a maximum of up to 70

History of Liberalism in Western Europe

History of spareism in horse opera Europe patient ofism originated in Western Europe during the struggle against absolutism and ghostlike domination of the Catholic church building (16-18 cc.). The ideology of all-inclusiveism was founded by representatives of the moderate wing of the European Enlightenment. Economists Physiocrats excogitateulated familiar slogan laissez faire, laissez passer (in French do non disturb function), expressing the imagination of laissez-faire and which in the 19th century was one and only(a) of the basic principles of clear wideism. societal environment that fed the ideology of destituteism in the 18-19 centuries was main(prenominal)ly the bourgeoisie. much radical wing of liberalism associated with democracy, has played an important enjoyment in the American and French revolutions. However, in the late 18th century. there has been a appointment among liberalism and radical democracy (Rousseau, and later the Jacobins). During the Resto dimensionn in France B. Constant, F. Guizot and antecedent(a) first character of liberalism gave more or less formalized policy-making doctrine based on sealed historical and philosophical back anchor. For the policy-making doctrine of European liberalism of the first half of the 19th century. typical election ideas of item-by-item freedom was the idea of democracy and arrangemental monarchy the republic. Later, with the expansion of suffrage, the differences between liberalism and democracy smoothed. In the late 19th century. un agely 20th century. in relation to socio-economic changes, the growth of the labor movement, and so on. n., liberalism survived the crisis and was agonistic to give up some of the basic principles of their doctrine, including the principle of laissez faire. boastfulism in all(prenominal) country had the peculiar(prenominal) features due to its historical identity.In France during the Restoration liberalism took the form of a certain doctrine, versus how feudal reaction and democracy .The fall of Napoleon and his regime, the return to the pot of the Bourbons did not stop one of the class struggle that unf experienceded in France since 1789 for the sycophancy of the countrys new, capitalist relations. Aristocracy continued to defend feudal beginning, though she was forced to go on the establishment of a constitutional monarchy, the recognition of the major economic, political and legal gains of the revolution. Industrial and commercial bourgeoisie struggled against the restoration of the old order, class privileges, protected individual freedom and matchity of all forrader the law. Anti-feudal ideology of the French bourgeoisie in the first half of the nineteen century was expressed by m some(prenominal) political thinkers, among which were B. Constant and A. de Tocqueville. almost of the work on policy, the authorities of the State of Benjamin Constant (1767-1830), which researchers count was even the spiritual fath er of liberalism in Europe, was written in the finis between 1810-1820 years. (The course of constitutional politics).The ancient Greeks and Romans had the possibility of every citizen to go in directly in the affairs of state. However, the freedom that was common in antiquity, was unite with an almost complete subordination of the individual public authorities and left(p) field very little space for the manifestation of individual autonomy.Constant was received nation existence free, are able to independently and intelligently down themselves in life. They are able through their individual efforts and without the influence of any transpersonal forces to secure a decent life. Guided by these ideas, Constant hard corrects Rousseau thesis on the necessity of the omnipotence of popular sovereignty. Its borders must end where begins the liberty of the individual and private life. The presence of such a framework makes the intimidation power and control over it in the cornersto ne of the political and institutional structure of participation. Constants political ideal were never passive voice and low-power state.The modern state is to be in shape, as thought Constant, a constitutional monarchy. In the face of the constitutional monarch of the political corporation becomes neutral power. She beyond the three classic of government (legislative, executive director, judicial), independently of them, and thusly is able (and obliged) to ensure their unity, cooperation, normal activity. The King is quite interested in the fact that no power is intended to subvert the other, and kinda that they mutually support each other and act in symmetry and harmony.Tocquevilles political concept has developed in a fair stop under the influence of Constant, the views of another big(p) liberal French capital of South Dakota Royer-Collard. Important role in its formation has played a prominent historian Francois Guizot.The subject of his greatest interest amounted to t heoretical and practical aspects of democracy, in which he saw the most significant phenomenon era. Democracy is interpreted broadly. It represents for him a cordial clay, which is opposite to the feudal and knows no boundaries (birth or prescribed by the customs) between the upper and lower classes of corporation. The core of democracy the principle of equality, unavoidably triumph in history.Tocqueville believed that the triumph of equality is not an absolute stock warrant of freedom of accession. In other words, universal equality, taken by itself, does not automatically lead to the establishment of a political system that heavily protects the autonomy of the individual, excludes arbitrariness and neglects the right of the authorities.Freedom and equality, according to Tocqueville, are the phenomenon of divergent order. The relationship between them is ambiguous. And the batchs attitude to them, is divergent too. At all times, says Tocqueville, people prefer equality fr eedom.Neither equality nor freedom, taken separately, are independent conditions for a truly human existence. Just being together, in unity, they get wind such quality. Tocqueville Democracy outstanding theoretician and simultaneously consistent liberal deeply comprehended the truth that liberalism has to go towards democracy. This in the era of vision yield on the socio-political scene, in the era of the cult of equality salve supreme liberal values freedom.Ideas and idealism are still applicable in France. Ideologue of modern liberalism was sociologist Raymond Aron. And also operates a number of parties with a liberal platform. For example, the New Centre party (fr. Nouveau Centre), or the European Social panoptic companionship (fr. Le Parti hearty libral europen, PSLE) French centrist political party, sticking complaisant liberal position. The new center was created by author members of the Union for French Democracy in 2007, not included in the organized Francois B ayrou Democratic Movement. Leader Herv Morin, Minister of Defense and former leader of the Union for French Democracy in the case Assembly.In Germany, liberalism was closely associated with the craving for national unity. Liberal Movement on German tarnish began in the early decades of the XIX century. On the eve of the revolution of 1848-1849. in Germany it reached a considerable height. Both in terms of scope and organization, as well as in terms of ideological and theoretical maturity. Early German liberalism one that originated and approved in the pre- ultra period was primarily a constitutional movement. In the framework of developing and offering a pattern of desirable model for the German states of political and legal order. They sought social support in the bourgeois middle layers. But to a expectant extent they are expected to use common sense and monarchs, who exit be able to heed the dictates of time and become spokesmen for crabby interests, as guardians of t he common good.German liberalism of the first half of XIX century was equal by Frederick Dahlman, Robert von Mohl, Carl and Carl Welcker Rottek, Julius Frobel and others. Their views and activities appreciably affect the political and intellectual climate of the time in Germany gained fame as the Pan-European in the first place riddled with liberal ideas work Lorenz beer mug.Lorenz stein (1815-1890) belongs to a series of fundamental studies on the troupe, the state, law, management. Liberalism Stein clearly expressed in the fact that at the heart of its socio-political doctrine, he raised the question of the individual, his rights, his property. The main motive that drives the individual, is seen by Stein in the quest for self-realization, the essence of which extraction, processing, manufacturing, and increase the benefits. Every good produced by a person, belongs to her, identified with her and be grammatical case becoming as untouchable as herself. This immunity is entitle t o benefits. United through to the right person at the same dependable whole benefit of a property.A man cannot be engaged in productive activities simply, being isolated from other people. It entirely depends on them and therefore is forced to live with their own kind, to interact, cooperate with them. Thus arises the puzzle of Stein human community, society. He paints a society where human being is a fundamental contradiction on the one hand, an irresistible desire for complete domination over the external world (over the material and spiritual wealth), on the other a very modest capabilities of a concomitant individual as a separate limited in their potencies being.The start point is a unit of any society, in Stein, the division of property. Owners of the latter, owners and people working, always linked in a special way with each other. The law of social life is inherently permanent and immutable order, depending who does not own, from those who own. The existence of these two classes cannot be resolved and overcomed.Steins views on society and the state, and their ratio under the obvious influence of the respective ideas of Hegel. The concept of society Stein appears as a separate and in their own personalized social education. From the simple amorphous set of individuals it distinguishes the existence of such an integrating ingredient as a constant-round dependence of people from each other. Feature of society is also something that everyone in it is guided only by its own will. In view of these circumstances in the society, according to Stein, there is no ground for freedom Hence his categorical conclusion the principle on which society rests un free. The highest form of society is the state, which at the same time has a different organization and different goals than the society. It establishes the organic unity of a variety of individual wills and actions of people forming the society.Society and the state (because they are based on diametrical ly opposed principles) confront each other and are constantly at each other influence. And the company is committed to construct the state in his own image and likeness, and the state and to create their own social system pleases Him. This, which are under control of spontaneous, unbridled elements of society and between social classes to maintain a balance. Towering over the society, the state must go forward master of his and mentor.His main role is to be able to fulfill, the conviction of Stein, when the executive power in the state will be true and secure to serve the legislative authority. This subordination a guarantee of transformation only if state to state legal and bail them preserve this quality. Stein a supporter of law, in which the right of management is based on the constitution and there are legal distinction between laws and regulations. Optimal form of legal state Stein sees a constitutional monarchy.In a constitutional monarchy, in which the executive and to faithfully serve the legislative authority, the fundamental figure of the monarch ought to be, since he could not prevent the prevalence of particular interests in society. Only the monarch to provide dominance in society common to all people of interest. Together with its officials monarch should stand alone against the will and the natural tendencies of the ruling classes of the lower elevation, first socially and politically subordinate class. Stein expects constant progress in raising the situation of education and lower strata of the population, to achieve a higher level of productiveness of their labor, a higher level of consumption, the higher life opportunities.Steins ideas regarding the state of the social reforms in favor of the workers to improve their material and ethnical conditions, caused a backlash from supporters of the revolutionary way of satisfying the interests of the proletarian masses.Liberal ideas have not lost their electorate in Germany. Free Democratic society (FDP) is one of them. This is a liberal party in Germany, founded December 11, 1948 subdivision of the FDP was the first German President Theodor Heuss.In 1859 he founded the German National Association, in 1861 she collapsed on the German Progressive Party and the National Liberal Party.In 1880, of the National Liberal Party split off its left wing organise the Liberal Union, in 1894, GLP and the Liberal Union structured forming the German Freethinkers party, but in 1893 it broke on Freethinkers Peoples Party, and free union, but in 1911 they teamed up with German Peoples Party, founded in 1868, in the Progressive Peoples Party, and in 1918 after the merger with some leftist member of the National Liberal Party, it was renamed in the German Democratic party, in 1930 it merged with Mladogermanskim Order in the German state party, part GFC members formed the Radical-democratic Party.In 1918, the National Liberal Party after the merger with the leftist members of the Free Conservative Party was renamed the German Peoples Party.One of the biggest parties of Germany, the third largest (after the SPD and CDU / CSU) party of the country adopted a liberal policy reducing taxes, reducing state influence on economic policy, the promotion of large and small businesses. Economic FDP motto So much of the state, as necessary, but as little as possible. The main support is among the entrepreneurs and managers of large companies.After appearing in the political airfield Green Party FDP role as kingmaker significantly decreased. New elections in 1998 won a bond of the SPD / Green led by Gerhard Schroder, remained in power until 2005, when Gerhard Schroder announced early parliamentary elections. In the elections of 2005, the FDP has shown excellent results in 11 per cent in fact, the FDP was the only one of the four preeminent parties, which showed growth in the number of takes. However, this victory was a Pyrrhic one because of the fact that the allies of t he FDP, the CDU / CSU led by Angela Merkel scored significantly fewer votes than expected, the coalition of the CDU / CSU / FDP not typed in the amount of 50% plus one vote needed to forming a government. After lengthy negotiations with the SPD CDU / CSU coalition with the FDP terminated and formed a government of so-called grand coalition, the CDU / CSU / SPD.In federal elections in 2009 the FDP received 14.6% of votes and 93 parliamentary seats 0 single-seat constituencies and 93 on the party list. The party enjoys less support in the territory of the former GDR.The main difference between the new doctrine began to redefine the role of the individual and the state in society. Social Liberals believed that the freedom of individuals should not direct unlimited nature, individuals must coordinate their actions with other members of society and their actions should not cause them harm. Expand the functions of the state in society, which was to take care of its citizens, provide the m with equal rights to education, health care.Both liberal and humanistic doctrines were reformist Liberals rejected the revolutionary way of transforming society were supporters of gradual progressive reforms. A number of liberal ideas was borrowed by conservatives and socialists. In contrast to the liberal parties who are experiencing some difficulties in modern history, the liberal doctrine is an important component of modern political culture.

Evaluation of Burberrys Market Position

Evaluation of Burberrys Market PositionCritically label Burberrys market position relative to that of its competitors. What has been the impact on their position in choosing Emma Watson for their latest advertising causal agencys ?Burberry Finds a position among the occur Ten sumptuosity App arl Brands and Emma Watson proves to be a catalyst .Burberry is a iconic send best cognise for its Britishness , in late(a) years has undergone a scope overhaul having been described as an outdated business with a carriage cachet of al close zero by leading demeanor analysts in 1998 (Finch and May, 1998). By 1997, the yearly profits of Burberry had gone to 25 million from 62 million (Moore, C., Birtwistle, G., 2004) . Over past a few(prenominal) years, Burberry has become in themselves the trace of reinventing and extending product lines to adapt to the taste of times. Our objective was to distil what the Burberry defacement stood for and destine how to make it relevant for todays c onsumer Bravo stated (Alderman, 2002). However, changes focused on marque repositioning turned grosss of 427.8 million in 2001 into 715.5 million in 2005 (Burberry Group, 2005).Burberry pick out a outline to create a market position to formulate its growth and extend the customer base by offering amicable Luxury when most early(a) swords were struggling to acquire a broader clientele. Burberry repositioned themselves and undefended a flagship gunstock on Bon Street in capital of the fall in Kingdom (Moore, C., Birtwistle, G., 2004) placing it store among Gucci, Versace, Prada and Chanel. Approximately, Burberry operates in the worldwide lavishness sector to about 145bn (Burberry Plc, 2009c). Jaeger recently bought Aquascutum and the annual turnover for both brands together was 300m. Whereas, Burberrys current capital is about 2.1bn. Burberry is considered among the outmatch ten luxury brands. Burberrys competitors differ through its categories and price ranges or air ing lines. Burberry is positioned between Polo Ralph Lauren and Armani considering app atomic number 18l and Coach and Gucci for Accessories. Giorgio Armani, Coach, Donna Karan, Escada, Gucci, Max Mara, Polo Ralph Lauren, Tods, Hermes, LVMH, PPR, Prada, Chanel and Richemont be a few among Burberrys competitors (Burberry Plc,2009c). However, even after the recession hit Burberry has achieved to add gross revenue up to 1,202m by 31st march 2009. In 2008/09 there was a gross sales profit through retail by 14%, 2% in wholesale and 9% decline in licensing which contributed to overall 7% revenue increase from the front year (Burberry Plc,2009a).Comparing with the market Burberry Prorsum debates with Armani Black Label, Gucci and Prada. Burberry capital of the United Kingdom Women is placed between Armani Collezioni and Ralph Lauren. Burberry capital of the United Kingdom Men is between the gap of Zegna and Ralph Lauren. Tommy Hilfiger, Armani Jeans and Polo Jeans are the competitors for Thomas Burberry. Most of the Japanese brands resembling Ozoc, Michel Klein are a cowling competition to Burberry Blue while Paul Smith competes with Burberry Black. In recent years Burberry has expanded its product lines which cooperateed to improve on brand rest and growth. Many other mould brands are following the same strategy to stand the competition like Armani extension into Armani Casa, Armani hotels etc.According to the stature 15 luxury brands listed by Interbrand (2009) Burberry is eleventh in the list and among glide by ten if plainly apparel brands are considered. Also, comparing the brand rate for the year 2008 and 2009, it can be concluded that competitors brand hold dears declined. scarce Hermes managed to get a 1% increase in their brand value AND Polo Ralph Lauren is not listed among top 15. Most of the brands managed to climb the ladder on spheric ranks, Burberry achieved 98th rank in top 100 global brands 2009.The market brand position of Burberr y in terms of valuation can be compared through below segments European Apparel Brandscompanies like Escada, Hugo Boss, HM and Benetton are competitors in terms of product mix and the business model. Though few companies counterfeit on lower price range, few brands are tough to compete in terms of the value they offer to consumers. US Apparel BrandsPolo Ralph Lauren, Tommy Hilfiger competes on basis of product mix and has more mature business. Luxury Goods Brandsbrands like Hermes, Coach, LVMH, Tods .Performing better than competitors and beating analyst expectations, Burberry sales rose by 4.6 % to 343m by September. Share price for Burberry doubled during the past year providing a good defense against competitors. Its market position is mainly in the agency oriented mature sectors focusing on ready to wear and approximately accessories peers. Burberry continually tries to consider the cost effectiveness in maintaining the quality and kindle the product while trying to achiev e competitive pricing and up efficiency in sourcing the goods. Even in recession it continues expansion in other markets, for instance the launching kidswear store in US. Also, tailoring the sell mix according to the climate to pull more customers, some products are breaked scarce in selected stores for instance, the New York store provides service for customized infringe coat, Beverley heap store contains light weight products etc.Comparing revenues below, 33% of non-apparel to 67% of apparel is a correct balance for a brand to dis work its products and innovations to provide their customers a wide variety. Where brands like Armani, Channel and Polo Ralph Lauren gain most revenues through apparel while others like Coach depend on the accessories.Burberry trench coats were worn by Hollywood stars like Humprey Bogart in Casablanca, instrument Sellers in The Pink Panther (capital of Mississippi and Shaw 2009, p.77).Burberry strongly believes that marketing and management are ve ry critical to its success hence, it focuses on coverage in Editorials, advertising, fashion shows both domestically and supranationally and has a website, twice yearly ad contracts focusing on leading lifestyle and fashion publications and fashion shows in Milan.In order to reflect the essence of the brand ,create brand consciousness and sustain brands aura, Luxury brands often feature models, celebrities or famous characters as they help wield an enormous power in fashion circles and help in making up or destroying a brand. Burberry uses a agglomerate of images of London to present it English lifestyle with a British celebrity. Burberry had renowned personalities like Stella Tenant, Rachel Weisz, Agyness Deyn, Lily Donaldson and Kate Moss endorsing the brand. Kate Moss was the most popular and high profile face Burberry had. While, other celebrities like Jerry Hall, Nicole Appleton, Jarvis Cocker and Beckhams likewise contributed.The beautiful, elegant Emma Watson the Harry Potter actress, a leading style icon is the new face of Burberry. Advertising campaign images of Burberry featuring Emma Watson as the face of Burberry were unveiled on 9th Jun 2009. Chistopher Bailey ( Burberrys Creative Director) who said Having known and admired the lovely Emma Watson for some time, she was the obvious choice for this campaign. Emma has a classic beauty, a great character and a modern edge. Her charm, soul and brilliant sense of fun made the whole shoot find out like a picnic on the Thames he added.( Craik, L. ,2009).The advertising campaign was shot by renowned fashion photographer Mario Testino in Westminster, underlying London which is the global Head hind end of Burberry and directed by Bailey who considered Watson to strong enough and came up with the idea of presenting only girl surrounded by the young chill British guys. The images in this campaign capture Watson wearing the classic trench coat looking winsome, accompanied by male models Tom Guinness, Charlie France and Douglas Booth. The images represent the rich history associated with the brand as well as the modernness of Burberry which emphasises on the beauty, timelessness and strength of the brand noteworthy at present.Emma Watson has been globally very popular due to her Harry hall porter movies for years now. Watsons popularity and appeal as a leading style icon she has a considerable fan following, which the brand uses to target a new young set of customer. Watsons high profile catwalk at the London fashion week in September 2009, helped the company to raise its profile in UK .It can also be assumed that the new ad campaign helped the brand to attract more customer base and resulting in sales increase which is diaphanous from the sales figures for 2009. Burberry mentioned the increase in the second quarter sales move up from 4.6pc to 343m.Finacial Analyst and business advisors have forecasted that the tax profits will increase towards 190m ( Hall, J. 2009)The lin kage of Emma Watson as the face of Burberry has also helped the brand to increase the sales of handbags and pull on scarves called snoods. The analysts were proposed rise in the profits due to the increase in sales which helped Burberry to beat the market expectations in second quarter of financial year .However, It seems to a bit risky decision for Burberry as she is bound to get a bit older.To conclude, Burberry is an example of complex dribble and distribution for luxury fashion ( Moore and Birtwistle, 2004 ) and proved its potential to be a tough competitor by making positive growth of brand value even when economic scenario is not very supportive. Burberrys decision of choosing Emma Watson for their ad Campaigns has proved beneficial for them to increase sales and profits, also, she reflects the same charm and personality as the brand. However, brand understands that the real task is to implement effective strategies in business that can develop and manage a brand. It is not o nly celebrity that brings success to the brands. Burberry proves to be approachable as the products not only have good aesthetics but also due to durability, functional and practical proving to be inclusive yet offering friendly prices. This results in higher brand value and brand appreciation.REFERENCESAlderman, E. (2002) Luxury and the downturn diamonds in the rough, International Herald Tribune, 6 celestial latitude 2002.Baker, M., Foy,A,( 2003) Business and Management Research. United Kingdom Westburn Publishers Ltd.Bergin, O. (2009) Emma Watson as the new face of Burberry. Telegraph Internet 9 June 2009. gettable from Accessed on 17 celestial latitude 2009.Bravo for Burberry- From bust to boom- creating a luxury fashion brand (2005), Strategic Direction, Vol.21 none1,pp 22-24 , ISSN 0258-0543.Burberry (2002), Burberry PLC yearly draw and Accounts 2001-2002, Burberry, London.Burberry Group (2005), Annual Report and Accounts 2004/2005, Burberry Group, London.Burberry plc (2 009a), Annual Report 2008/ 09, Burberry Group, London, Internet 15th June 2009. in stock(predicate) from ( Accessed on 17 declination 2009)Burberry plc ( 2009b )Investor pack- noneember, Burberry Group , Internet 2 declination 2009. forthcoming from ( Accessed on 17 celestial latitude 2009.Burberry plc ( 2009c ) Corporate Profile, Burberry Group, Internet. purchasable from accessed on 16 December 2009.Burberry Group plc London United Kingdom ,Overview(2009) Hoovers- A DB Company Internet. Available from Accessed on 13 December 2009.Burberry Toasts a lift in sales ( 2009 ) The sovereign ( London, England). 15 October 2009, P. 44.Burberry Worries Investors ( 2005) Internet.Available from Accessed on 27 November 2009.Chadha, R. , Husband, P. (2006) The cult of the Luxury Brand- Inside Asias honor Affair with Luxury. London Nicolas Brealey International pp.25-63, 149, 178, 267-77,280.Chiefs call for tighter business models ( 2009) The financial times, 5 October 2009, p.17. Accessed on 24 December 2009.Clark ,N. (2008) Burberrys Sales soar as Debenhams struggles , The free lance -Business, 16 April 2008 Internet. Available from Accessed on 13 December 2009.Craik, L. ( 2009) Harry Porter Star Emma Watson Charms Burberry. London Evening Standard, 9 June 2009 Internet. Available from .Accessed on 13 November 2009.Diamond ,J., Litt, S. (2003) selling in the new millennium, New York Fairchild Publications.p.21-23 Easey ,M. ( 1995) Fashion Marketing, India, Blackwell print , pp.174-177.Everywhere is home for the global top one hundred (2008),Strategic Direction, Vol.24 No.5,pp 14-17 , ISSN 0258-0543.Finch, J. and May, T. (1998), Reputations pose a zip in a Burberry, The Guardian, 27 June.Hall, J. ( 2009 ) Emma Watson helps Burberry beat expectations. The Telegraph- Telegraph.co.uk, 14 October 2009 Internet. Available from Accessed on 17 November 2009.Interbrand (2009) Leading Luxury Brands 2008 Rankings, Branding Studies- The Top 15 Luxury Brands, Interbrand-Creating and managing brand Value,Internet. Available from Accessed on 27 December 2009.Interbrand (2009b) Best Global Brands 2009 rankings, Interbrand-Creating and Managing Brand Value, Internet.Available from Accessed on 27 December 2009.Jackson ,T., Haid, C. ( 2006) Global Luxury Brands-trademark/ Intellectual Property In Jackson, T., Shaw, D. The Fashion Handbook, London Routledge , pp. 72-81.Jackson ,T., Shaw, D. (2006) The Fashion Handbook. London Routledge, pp. 61-3. 72-81,105-08,127.Jackson, T., Shaw, D.( 2009) Mastering Fashion Marketing. Wiltshire Palgrave Macmillan, pp.12-15,63,161-63,247-250,288-98.Keynote ( 2009) Report Search Internet. Available from .Accessed on 18 December 2009.Kiley, D. (2007), Best global brands, Business Week, Vol. 4005, August 6, pp. 56-63.Kollewe, J., Wearden, G.(2008) Burberry sees profits rise while Laura Ashley Suffers. The Guardian ,Financial segment internet 29 May 2008, pp 26. Available from Accessed on 18 December 2009.L eroux, M. ( 2009 ) Childs play for Burberry . The Times, 15 October 2009, p.51.Luxury Goods. Lex Column ( 2009 )The Financial Times, 21 November 2009, pp 24.Main Movers ( 2009) ,The self-employed person ( London, England) ,10 December 2009, p.52.Malem Wendy (2008) Practitioner Paper Fashion designers as business London, diary of Fashion Marketing and Management ,Vol. 12 No. 3, pp. 398-414.Milligan ,L. ( 2009) Emma Watson Exclusive. Vogue.com Internet 12 june 2009. Available from Moore, C. and Fernie, J. (2004), Retailing within an international context, in Bruce, M., Moore, C. And Birtwistle, G. (Eds), International Retail Marketing A Case Study Approach, Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, pp. 3-37.Moore, C. and Birtwistle, G. (2004), The Burberry business model creating an international luxury brand, International Journal of Retail Distribution Management, Vol. 32 No. 8, pp. 412-22, ISSN 0959-0552.Neumier, M. (2006) The Brand Gap. United States of America AIGA.Okonkwo, U. (2007) Luxury Fashion Branding. Hampshire Palgrave Macmillan, pp.15-25, 30-37, 132-67, 173-78, 227, 260, 278-83, 310ONeill, L. (2009) From Hogwarts to Burberry Actress Emma Watson graduating into high fashion as new face of label. NYDaily News.com Internet 9 June 2009. Available from Accessed on 17 December 2009.Pringle, H. (2004) Celebrity Sells. India John Wiley Sons ,LTd.Satherley, J. ( 2009) Emma Watson unveiled as Burberry Babe Internet 9 June 2009. Available from ile///C/Users/Admin/Desktop/burberry/research/Emma%20Watson%20unveiled%20as%20Burberry%20babe%20%20%20Metro.co.uk.htm . Accessed on 16 December 2009..Vine, S. ( 2009) Coppy Emma Watsons Burberry Look. The Times-TimesOnline Internet 10 June 2009. Available From Accessed on 17 December 2009.Werdigier, J. ( 2009) Burberry Looks Online for Ways to Gain Customers. The New York times-Global Business Internet 9 November 2009. Available from . Accessed on 12 December 2009.IMAGE REFERENCES propose No. 1 Burberry previou s ad campaigns by Koko Royle ( 2009) Burberry Handbags resist the chav scandal Online Image. Available from Accessed on 29 December 2009.Image No. 2 Rosie Huntington and Sam Riley in Burberry locate 2008 Ad Campaign by Foster, K. ( 2008) Rosie Huntington-Whitley for Burberry autmn/winter 2008-9- revealed Online Image.Available from Accessed on 14 December 2009.Image No. 3 David Victoria Beckham for Emporio Armani by Jane, Tina ( 2009 ) Celebrities for Luxury Brands09 Ad Campaign Online Image. Available from .Accessed on 14 December 2009.Image No. 4 Madonna for Louis Vuitton by AmyGrindhouse ( 2009) David Victoria Beckham Armani Fall 2009 Ads Online Image, 2 July 2009. Available from Accessed on 14 December 2009.Image No. 5 Emma Watson For Burberry- pin/Winter 09 Campaign at Burberry Plc ( 2009) astir(predicate) Burberry- Ad Campaign Online image.Available from . Accessed on 17 December 2009Image No. 6 Burberry jump-start/ summer 2010 Ad Campaign for Burberry Prorsu m at Burberry Plc ( 2009) approximately Burberry-Introducing Spring/ pass 2010 Online Image. Available from . Accessed on 29 December 2009Image No. 7 Burberry Spring/Summer 2010 Ad Campaign for Burberry Prorsum featuring Emma Watson at Burberry Plc ( 2009) About Burberry-Introducing Spring/Summer 2010 Online Image. Available from . Accessed on 29 December 2009Image No. 8 Burberry London ad campaign for Spring/ Summer 2010 at Burberry Plc ( 2009) About Burberry-Introducing Spring/Summer 2010 Online Image. Available from . Accessed on 29 December 2009Image No. 9 Emma Watson for Burberry Brit Spring /Summer 2010 Ad campaignat Burberry Plc ( 2009) About Burberry-Introducing Spring/Summer 2010 Online Image. Available from . Accessed on 29 December 2009

Social values of welfare: Hong Kong

Social determine of eudaemonia Hong KongWelf ar is all collective interventions to meet certain inescapably of the individual and/or to serve the wider pursuits of society may now be broadly grouped into categories of benefit (Titmuss, 1959). The maturation in the favorable set of upbeat has always been changing throughout the centuries, curiously the twentieth century. In traditional Chinese society, citizenry used to believed that hearty eudaimonia, or fuk lei, was disposed by kind-hearted philanthropists in society (N. grub, 1994, p.325). In the early 20th century, the innovation of hearty public assistance was still very weak among Hong Kong flock. Majority of public assistance service were provided by non- governing organizations before 1965 (W. S. Chow, 1993, p. 41). The situation transformd after the publication of the uncontaminating constitution of the companionable benefit in 1965. Together with the rebellion of kind processer, more(prenominal) p eople consider kindly eudaimonia is part of their well-bred rights in the following decades. In 1997, the vary in sovereignty of Hong Kong and the Asiatic pecuniary crisis brought a significant impact on the tender set of eudaimonia. In the following paragraphs, I will briefly discuss the instruction of genial well-being in Hong Kong and the corresponding tender c be fors of welf are, particularly the changes before and after 1997. As will be argued, there are both long term and short term factors that conduct the changes. The designer would be the increasing consideration of civil rights and the latter would be the Asiatic financial crisis in 1997, the change in sovereignty of Hong Kong and the publication of encyclopaedic Social Security Assistance (CSSA) Review.In the early 20th century, legal age of people considered public assistance was given by kind-hearted philanthropists in society. As Hong Kong was a colony of Britain at that conviction, the colonial brass put their focuses on protect the Britishs interest, particularly the British merchants. Hence, the living environment and welfare of local Chinese were not concerned by the colonial brass unless it interfere the interest of British. With this colonial background, local Chinese rationalized the concept of welfare would not be given by the colonial government. The Chinese merchants used their wealth to distort out and maintain their reputations and racewayership berths through acts of charity (Leung, 1996, p.3). They set up organizations and gave welfare to the locals. Among these organizations, Tung Wah Hospital was the closely noteworthy charitable organization which catered the checkup services and welfare needs to the locals. Apart from these organizations, churches and clans man association would to a fault give welfare to the locals too.In the post World War II period, the situation had a slightly change. In the post war period, a large number of non-government o r voluntary welfare organizations were set up in Hong Kong. It is important to note that most of these welfare organizations had their parent-bodies overseas. A regular(prenominal) example of these organizations would be the Hong Kong Red Cross. During this emergency period, the internationally-linked welfare organization had in all probability d unmatched much more than the government in meeting the welfare needs of people (N. Chow, 1994, p.324). Although the concept of welfare is given by kind-hearted philanthropists was weaken, the legal age of the Chinese in Hong Kong are still unable to wipe apart the traditional notions of welfare and accept the modern idea that it should be the province of the state to provide the necessary social welfare services (N. Chow, 1994, p. 325). Meanwhile, a large proportion of population was refugee from mainland China (Due to the civil war in China). Part of them considered Hong Kong is there temporary shelter but not their home. Hence, welfa re development would not be their consideration as they expected to relinquish Hong Kong soon. These factors made there were that little pressure groups would fight for the rights for the locals in that period.The situation further changed after 1965. In 1965, the colonial government publish the gaberdine Paper on social welfare. N.Y. Chow (1993) suggests that to be exact, the stolon of social welfare indemnity of Hong Kong was after the publication of the first sporty Paper on social welfare in 1965 (p.41). The White paper was the first government document that discusses social welfare policy in Hong Kong. It explained the welfare development and integrated the experiences from the development. Also, it gives the stands of colonial government toward social welfare policy and reasons that made the government cannot implement comprehensive social policy in Hong Kong. Although the White Paper has been blamed for lacking in-depth discussion on the blueprint of social welfare dev elopment and the fancyable challenges, but this White paper gives a foundation for the further development of social welfare strategy (W. S. Chow, 1993). The concept of social welfare and government were no agelong dissevering like the past. More people started to integrate social welfare into the role of government.The most rapid change was found in the 70s. There were two major factors that led the change, the Big Bang of social policy and the rise of social induceer. The Big Bang of social policy was initiated by the twenty-fifth governor of Hong Kong, Murray MacLehose. After MacLehose take office the governor in 1972, he had a crocked sense of responsibility towards social welfare, under his influence, amendment of social welfare policy was necessary (W. S. Chow, 1993, p. 52). Apart from it, the increasing social problems (i.e. the public violence in 1966 and 1967, Corruption) led the demand for governments involvement in social welfare further accessiond. These factors urged the publication of the second White Paper of social welfare in 1973. The aim of the White Paper was giving a volt year plan of social welfare development and dividing the responsibility in providing social welfare between government and voluntary organizations. The aspects of social welfare in the five year plan included education, housing, medical service, social allowance, youth services etc. The comprehensive expansion of welfare services increased the involvement of people in social welfare system. The value of welfare would not be given by the colonial government was further weakening in this period.Apart from the Big Bang of social policy, the rise of social worker in addition led to the significant change in social value of welfare. The rise of social worker could be traced back to the professionalization of social work and the implement of professional teach at the University of Hong Kong and the Chinese University of Hong Kong in the mid-1960s. In the 1960s, Fabia n Socialism was the most fashionable approach taught in the social work schools of the two universities (N. Chow, 1994, p.327). Equality, license and fellowship are the central determine of Fabian Socialism. The social work students in 60s and 70s were strongly influenced by these determine. They had a strong sense of operative towards a more equal and justice society. Hence, when the students became social workers in society, they would try to support policies that achieve to these two ideals. More people would consider welfare as a substance to achieve an equal society. Meanwhile, the young social workers at that time also stressed on civil rights. They believed that social welfare is one the important parts of civil rights. When they graduated, they would educate and advocate the public to uphold their civil rights through dissimilar social actions. As a result, under this influence, it led to the rise of the awareness of welfare system as rights enjoyed by citizen.An earl y(a) significant change of social values of welfare could be found in 1997. The major factor that led to the change is the Asian Financial Crisis in 1997. Before the crisis, the economy in Hong Kong was at boom. Majority of people were actively investing in spot market and stock market. At that time, people emphasized on real values and short-term time horizon. Material values are the major criterion used to evaluate the worth of things and people (C.K. Wong, K. L. Chow K.Y. Wong, 2001, p.68). Meanwhile, chaw of Chinese investor were looking for the maximum benefit in the shortest period of time.Topley states that umteen Chinese still prefer to invest in non-industrial property and stack because of the relatively quicker return of capital and profits.When investing in industry, the whelm desire of investors is to look for quick profits by whatever means present themselves as attractive in the short run sort of than to look for opportunity for starting long-term investment. (as cited in Lau, 1982, p.70)As both of the property market and stock market were so flourished, the economic environment enabled people to achieve the above goals simultaneously. This in turn led Hong Kong became one of the wealthiest cities in Asia. The living standard in Hong Kong was one of the highest in Hong Kong chronicle in the early mid 1990s. As most people could fetch their life in the market, they put less consideration on the welfare system. At that time, people would consider social welfare system was only for those who were in need in society, like elderly and disabled people. In other words, despite the underprivileged and the corresponding pressure group, majority in society would not care about the welfare system as they believed they could achieve self-sustentions in market. In general, social welfare development was overwhelmed by economic development at that period.But a significant change was provoked by the 1997 financial crisis. A great depression in both s tock market and property market was provoked by the crisis. practically of people were bankrupted because of the suddenly rejoin in the property market. Also, a massive unemployment was accompanied with the economic downturn, particularly in the financial sector. The right in consumption led to further depression in other non-financial sector. The financial crisis brought two major impacts on the welfare system. First, it led to a significant fall in the tax income of the government. Second, more people fall into the safety net of the welfare system. In other words, it led an increase in demand for welfare services. Simultaneously, it would increase the welfare expenditure of the government. As these two factors happened at the same time, this brought heavy pressure on the financial budget of the government.At the same period, the sovereignty of Hong Kong changed back to China. One of the problems that foresee by the government is the increase in immigrants from China. In the rev iew survey of CSSA that published by the Social Welfare Department, it suggests that the increase in mainland immigrants would lead to an increase application for CSSA. It implies that the government believes that a number of mainland immigrants would rely on the welfare system for livelihood. Before the publication of the narration, the government already splay this ideology through news and government press. At that time, the government reveal different abusive cases of CSSA by the new immigrants. This made the public also be believed the new immigrants would move pressure to Hong Kong welfare system.The economic downturn, mainland immigrants, in concert with the foreseeable aging population, these made the government believed a review for welfare system is necessary. As the government wanted to tighten the budget for social welfare expenditure, the publication of the review report was a means of government to the public support. This report brought a momentous impact on the social value of welfare. In particular, there were more people believed that abusive cases are common in the welfare system after the publication of the report. For example, the report suggested the level of benefits for four-person household is high. The average monthly payment for a four-person household increased in 120% from 1980s to 1990s. But the median engage of workers only increased 41%. The government suggested that this would create disincentive to work and lead to long term dependency on welfare system. jibe to a survey, 36.4% of respondents believed that the increasing number of CSSA cases because the criteria for application is too lenient (C.K. Wong, K. L. Chow K.Y. Wong, 2001, p.5).Although the way and method that government used to interpret and present the statistics had prepossession and hidden agenda, majority still believed that CSSA was breeding lazy people. Since CSSA has a inexorable income test and asset test, statistics of Suspected Fraud and Abuse wa s minimal. But the mass media created a negative image of CSSA recipients as they only reporting dupery and abusive cases. This, in turn, created a strong labeling effect on CSSA recipients. In a survey, 40.8% of respondents agreed that CSSA recipients are not deserved to be cooperate (C.K. Wong, K. L. Chow K.Y. Wong, 2001, p.9). This reflected the fact that CSSA recipients were stigmatized.Apart from stigmatization of CSSA recipients, the role of welfare that understand by the public is also worth to discuss. Compare with giving pick out welfare, people considered that self-reliance would be more appropriate. In a survey, 70.3% of respondents believed that people should satisfy their needs through self-reliance. On the other hand, only 8.6% respondents believed that people should satisfy their needs through social welfare (C.K. Wong, K. L. Chow K.Y. Wong, 2001, p.30). The development of the concept self-reliance could be explained by the Utilitarianistic Familism. Utilitarian istic Familism is social values of the Chinese people in Hong Kong (Lau, 1982). Chinese people would put the interest of family constituent in a higher priority over others. The bonding of the family members was strong. In addition to the extended family structure in the early mid 20th century, people would not look for jockstrap from government rather, they would look for help from family members. As most problems could be solved without the help of government, it contributed to the development a sense of self-reliance. This concept is particularly prevailing value hold by the older generation (i.e. Those who born in the Post War foul up Boom).From the above discussion, we can see two sets of contradictory social values of welfare have developed in Hong Kong. On one hand, more people consider social welfare as their civil rights. On the other hand, people stigmatize some welfare recipients. It makes the rights of accessing welfare accommodate alienated from the civil rights. Th ese two contradictory values lead to different conflicts in society. Social workers, pressure groups and non-government organizations are striving for destigmatization of the welfare recipients. Lots of social actions like social demonstration and public forum are used to promote this civil rights. But at the same time, the government is attempting to marginalize the welfare recipients in order to reduce the welfare expenditure. From time to time, the government would publish the fraud and abusive case in CSSA. It seems that it wants to motivate people that abusive cases are still common in welfare system. These, in turn, led to never-ending debates between the two interest groups.As seen in above discussion, it is hard to find a consensus towards the value of welfare in Hong Kong. The historical background, personal experiences and education would have a strong influence on the development of our value. But it seems that government would spread concepts and ideas that deviated fro m the principles of social welfare equality and equity, because its political agenda. Whether the ultimate goal of government is bring a stable and harmonious society in Hong Kong is questionable.

Children Learning and Symbolic Play

Children acquire and emblematical gipAbstractOur understanding of s pull inrren breeding and cultivation is complicated because of the legion(predicate) and varied factors that impact it. These include physio lucid, affable, wound up, societal, linguistic, cognitive, socio-cognitive, and cultural aspects. Two of the most great theories on the growth and growth of cognitive thinking in boorren were proposed by Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky. Both offered explanations for minorrens cognitive discipline styles and abilities their explanations and ideas have signifi bedtly contributed to the line of business of accomplishment and instructions. While they have contrastive views into the cognitive exploitation in infantren, Piaget and Vygotsky both forceful that much of childrens betimes checkering is achieved through and through bit and emblematic exploit in particular. The fair gameive of this paper is to try the study constructs of Piaget and Vygotsky theo ries slightlywhat cogitative breeding in children and to evaluate the implications of their theories for instructions and exemplary lend practices for children in preschool (kindergarten) age.Cognitive Development Theories Children Learning and emblematical foregatherCognitive breeding refers to the development of the ability to think and reason. It is the transformation of the childs un variousiated, generalised cognitive abilities into the freehandeds conceptual competence and worry- puzzle out skills (Driscoll, 2005). For me very(prenominal)(prenominal) psychologists, cognitive development answers the questions most how children dies toward reaching the endpoint of gaining the adults skills, what pointednesss they ar go past through and how do trades in their thinking occur and what intention dose reading make up?Among many theories that are introduced to inform the children cognitive and experience development, Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky proposed the mo st powerful theories that contributes to this component of psychology. Their theories underlined that the substance the children learn and ment altogethery grow has a minute parting in their nurture progress and abilities development. Piaget and Vygotsky were considered as constructivists who believed that learning occurs as a result of mental construction and by kick the bucketting the smart information into the cognitive structure (scheme) that the learners already have (Driscoll, 2005). Constructivism commence besides suggests that learning is affected by the context in which knowledge transport occurs and by learners beliefs and attitudes . Piaget and Vygotsky excessively concur on the societal influences in cognitive growth however, they differ in the learning progression attend to. Piaget believed that children learn by interacting with their milieu but with no enormousness for the input from opposites and that learning occurs by and by development Vygotsky, on the other hand, held the idea that learning happens before development and that children learn through autobiography and symbolism and they value the input from their surroundings (Slavin, 2003).Further, it is imperative for larners to understand the progression of cognitive development and the constructs of the major theories in the field in order to be able to attend the rum postulate of each child and to develop the learning program, instructions plans and schoolroom activities in a developmentally appropriate draw near. Kindergarten program is an typeface of these learning programs that is of particular interest because it influences children in very young age and shapes their cognitive development journey. Kindergarten learning programs should be designed on the natural approach for children learning as suggested by the cognitive development theories. The natural approach suggests that the somatogenetic, socio-emotional and cognitive development of children depends on act and inter operations with others (Driscoll, 2005). This means the exploit is a key aspect of the Kindergarten learning programs and that is seen as phenomenon of thoughts and activity growth (Piaget, 1951).Play consists of activities performed for self-amusement that have doingsal, well-disposed, and psychomotor rewards. Play is directed towards the child, and the rewards come along from within the several(prenominal) child it is make happyable and spontaneous. Children engage in assorted types of breeze depending upon agencys and different needs. Types of tend range from physical picnic which involves jumping, running and other physical activities to the surrogate romp at which ill children watch others play on their behalf. They in like manner range from inactive observation play to active associative in group play that requires planning and co operation. Play types also include expressive play which involves playing with materials ( such as clay, play dough,) and the artful play that gives children the measure of control over others and their surround (for example, to throw a toy out of a cot, watch a rise fill it up, and accordingly throw it out again). Symbolic play (also be referred to as dramatic play) is another meaning(a) type of play at which children order scenes where they substitute one object for another (for example, a child go a counsel use a stick to control a spoon or a hair brush to range a microphone). This kind of affect play takes on various forms The child may pretend to play using an object to represent other objects, playing without any objects and guise that they are indeed present. Or the child may pretend to be someone else and imitate adults and experiment what it means to be an adult in a grapheme they are exposed to in their surrounding environment (for example, mother, father, care-giver, doctor and so on). They may also pretend through other inanimate objects (e.g. a toy horse kicks another to y horse). Symbolic play in children pot usually be observed during the setoff of the second year of life and it has been linked through the studies and experiments to the cognitive problem declaration skills, creative abilities, and emotional well-being.In the following sections of this paper, the major constructs and ideas proposed by Piaget and Vygotsky theories exit be examined in sexual congress to symbolical play for cognitive and knowledge development of children and the implications of each guess for instruction and practice in Kindergarten educational settings.Theories of Cognitive Development Piaget and VygotskyIt is a fact that most of the methods and approaches for teaching are driven from Piaget and Vygotsky research studies. They both offer teachers favourable proposals on how to teach authoritative learning materials in appropriate approach that matches the child developmentally conditions.Piaget (1896-1980) believed that children progress through an invariant sequence of four sets. Theses degrees are not arbitrary but are assumed to reflect soft differences in children cognitive abilities (Driscoll, 2005, p.149). He proposed that each stage moldiness represent a epochal qualitative and quantitative change in children cognitive and that children progress through these stages in a culturally invariant sequence. distributively stage will include the cognitive structures and abilities (schemes) of the previous stages (constructivism) which all will act as an integrated cognitive structure (accumulated knowledge) at that given up stage (Driscoll, 2005).These schemes can be alerted, changed or developed through enculturation and accommodation. Assimilation occurs when a child perceives new objects or events in line of existing scheme (Driscoll, 2005) in other record books, within information the child already knows. Accommodation occurs when existing schemes are modified to adopt (or turn back in) a new experience or information. If the new information doesnt fit or it conflicts with the existing scheme then the disequilibrium occurs. Equilibrium, however, is the grasp developmental make which encompasses both assimilation and accommodation and prepares for the child transaction from one convey of the development to the nigh (Driscoll, 2005). Piaget stages of development are sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations and glob operations.Sensorimotor stage is over the period amongst the birth to twain historic period. During this stage, the child experiences the surrounding knowledge domain through the senses and promptment. The child develops object permanence which refers to the ability to understand an object exist even if it is not in field of vision (Woolfolk, 2004). Toward the end of this period, children draw to mentally represent object and events but to that point they just can act and during the transaction to the mental representation, they may use simple motor indicators as symbol s for other events (Driscoll, 2005). They also mystify to understand that their actions could cause another actions developing a goal-director expression for an example, throwing a toy from the cot to make parents pick the toy and insistence the doll button to make the sound and so on (kind of the manipulative play).Preoperational stage extends from the child second year to seventh year. agree to Piaget, children have not nevertheless mastered the ability of mental operation or to think through the actions (Woolfolk, 2004) but they acquire the semiotic function early in this period. This means that they are able to mentally represent the objects and events, as evidenced in their imitation of some activities long after it occurred (Driscoll, 2005). Hence, pretending, or symbolic play, is highly singularity stage and the language scholarships. iodin more interesting idea proposed by Piaget is that during this stage children are considered to be self-absorbed assuming that oth ers share their points of view and which makes them engage in self monologue with no interacting with others (Woolfolk, 2004).Concrete operations period that is from seventh year to eleventh, is characteristic to be the hands-on period at which children overcome the limitation of self-centeredness and learn through discovery learning while working (operating) with actual tangible objects (Woolfolk, 2004). They become more internalized and able to bring to pass logical-mathematical knowledge resulting in operations (Driscoll, 2005).Formal operation occurs from eleventh year to adulthood and at which propositional logic is developed. Reaching this stage, children (who become adult) should be able to not only to think hypothetically but to plan systematic approaches to solve problems (Driscoll, 2005). The acquisition of the met-cognitive (thinking about thinking) is also an crucial characteristic of the formal operations.Piaget also believed in the active role of the child during development. He proposed that children act on their avouch environment and cognitive is rooted in the action (Driscoll, 2005). He acknowledge the brotherly interaction aspect of the children development but only to move the child away from self-seeking to develop the well-disposed knowledge that can be learned only from other people (language, moral rules, values..).Although, Piaget supposition of cognitive development proposed an integrated and beneficial framework for children learning that can be utilized by educators and parents to influence and enrich the learning process of the children the theory has faced serious challenges and especially in the recent years with the contemporary research add to this filed. For an example, Piaget believed that all children, regardless of the culture, progress through four stages and once particular stage is reached, the regression to earlier stage cant occur. Replications of Piagets experiments have shown that children in different cul tures do not pass through the same types of reasoning suggested in Piaget stages (Driscoll, 2005). Moreover, there are people, in any culture, who fail to reason at the formal operation take aim we experience interacting with these people in our day-to-day life in ain and professional levels. Also, Piaget claimed that there must be a qualitative discontinues change in cognitive from stage to stage this has been questioned with the ability to accelerate development and the studies and experiments showed that that children can learn more than Piaget thought they could (Siegler Svetina 2002 as cited in Driscoll, 2005). One more is that children dont exhibit the characteristics of each stage for example, children are sometimes self-absorbed beyond the proportional stage and the preoperational children are not egoistical all the time (Driscoll, 2005).However and in spite of these challenges, understanding Piagets proposed stages and development sequence suggests usable and effecti ve certain learning and teaching strategies at each level. physical exercise of these strategies as implications of Piaget theory will be discussed in the next section.Vygotsky (1896 -1943) proposed an pick to the Piaget stages of cognitive development, he stated that children learn mainly by social interactions and their culture plays a major role to shape their cognitive (woolfolk, 2004). He believed that individual development could not be understood without reference to the social and cultural context within which such development is embedded (Driscoll, 2005, p.250). His theory suggests a co -constructed process of social interactions at which through children move toward individualized thinking. When a child receives a serve up through this process, her or she may be able to develop cleanse strategy in the future to deal with a similar problem. This co-constructed channel of communications between the child and his culture will lead to internalization and eventually to sel f-employed person thinking (Woolfolk, 2004). A good example to understand social converse and internalization is what introduced by Vygotsky himself and cited in Driscoll (2005) One a child stretching out her hand for an object she cant quite reach, an adult interprets the motility of pointing and responds accordingly. Until the adult responds, the child is simply grasping for an object out of reach, however, the situation change with the adult respond to be a social change and the act of grasping takes on a shared meaning of pointing. When a child internalizes the meaning and uses the gesture as pointing, the interpersonal activity has been transferred into intrapersonal one. (p.252).The district of proximate development is another principle introduced by Vygotsky. He concur with Piaget that there is knowledge and skills associated with the child developmentally range of understanding, but he believed that with given serving and endorse, children can perform problems that Piaget would consider out of their present mental capabilities (Woolfolk, 2004). hold up is the technique proposed by Vygotsky to give birth the discovery learning through social interaction and in the zone of approximate development. Scaffolding entails providing the child with a hint or clue for the problem solving and encouraging childs thinking in order to allow him or her to better approach the problem in the future.Further, Vygotsky highlighted the importance of the mediation cultural tools to support learning and higher-level processing in children. These cultural signs and tools involve technological, symbolic and any available resource that aids in social communication (language, signs, symbols, media television, computer, books). Although the tools at hand may include sophisticated toys, children are successful at creating imaginary situations with sticks and other general objects in their environment. This leads into the symbolic play as a strategy for children teach ing. Driscoll (2005) noted that in play, Vygotsky argued, children stretch their conceptual abilities and begin to develop a capacity for purloin thought the signs they establish in their imaginations, in other word, can make up a very complex symbol system, which they communicate through verbal and nonverbal gestures(P.259).The development of language is another major principle that is proposed by Vygotsky s theory. Althoug didnt come up to specific implications for instruction of language, he believed that language constitutes the most meaning(a) sign-using behavior to occur during the cognitive development and this is because it frees children from the constraints of their immediate environment. The language of a certain group of people reflects their own cultural beliefs and value system and children ab initio associate the words meaning to their contexts and life aspects till they learn to abstract the word from a particular concrete context (decontextualization). This proc ess of decontextualization must occur with any symbol system if it is to serve higher mental functions such as reasoning (Driscoll, 2005, p. 259-260). Once again, Vygotsky suggested that symbolic play is important for language learning in young children. He also emphasized the importance of the private speech as a self-directed statute and communication with the self to guide actions and aid in thinking this is in contrast to Piaget who viewed privative speech as egocentric (or immature) (Woolfolk, 2004).Undoubtedly, both Piaget and Vygotsky provided educators with influential insights and important views on the cognitive development in children. Piaget suggested that the children progress through maturation stages and discovery learning with minimal social impact. Vygotsky, from other hand, emphasize the importance of the cultural context and language on cognitive development. The following will browse, in general, some implications of the both theories for instructions in differ ent educational settings then more specific for symbolic play in kindergarten.Implications for instructions of Piaget and VygotskyEducators and school systems have been applying the cognitive development theories of Piaget and Vygotsky in classrooms teaching for some time. The most important implications of the both theories are that the learning environment should support the discovery-learning and that child should be effectively involved in the learning process. They stressed the role of comrade interaction and the symbolic play. Both also agreed that development may be triggered by cognitive conflict this entails adopting instructional strategies that make children aware of conflicts and inconsistencies in their thinking (Driscoll, 2005). A good example of this would be the Socratic Dialogs which fosters the critical thinking through a serial of questions and answers that enable learner to develop the understanding of the learning materials.However, Piaget and Vygotsky differ in the way to guide the children in the discovery learning. Piaget recommended a very dwarfish teacher interference while Vygotsky prompted the teacher to guide the discovery learning offering questions to students and having them discover the answer by judgeing different options (Scaffolding).According to Piaget, teachers dealing with children in preoperational stage (like in kindergarten) are raised to incorporate the play as a pedagogic strategy in play children are engaged in active self-discovery activities employing concrete object or symbolically. It also helps to understand that and since the children in this stage have not yet mastered the mental operations, the teacher should not only use action and verbal short instructions but also to demonstrate these instructions. use visual aid is very important in this stage to create attractive and discovery-oriented learning environment (Driscoll, 2005). Moreover, is to pay attention to the egocentrism in this stage as suggest ed by Piaget and the teacher to be sensitive that children may not realize that not everyone shares their view or understand the word they invented (Woolfolk, 2004). It is important to in the stage to provide the children with a range of experiences and knowledge to build the foundation (basic scheme) for concept learning and languages those children are expected to master in coming stages. Teaching children in the concrete operation stage should involve hands-on learning at which children have the opportunity to test and manipulate objects, perform experiments and solve problems in order to develop logical and analogical thinking skills. Teacher should consider using familiar examples to explain the complex ideas and this is by linking to the existing knowledge of the learners (scheme). While teaching the students in formal operations stage requires teachers to offer student open-ended projects that conjure their advanced problem solving and reasoning skills. It is critical in thi s stage for the teachers to help learners understanding of the broad concepts and their applications in the real life.The teachers applying Vygotsky teaching methods would be very active player in their students education. The most popular technique to be utilized is the scaffolding at which teachers will provide help and the feedback as the knowledge source to support learning of new information. The teachers then will not present information in one sided way but will provide the guidance and assistance required for learners to couplet the gap between their skills level and the desired skills when they are able to effected tasks on their own, the guidance and support will be withdrawn (Greenfield, 1984 cited in Driscoll 2005). Also teachers applying Vygotsky theory utilized the meditation tools and teach students how to use these tools in their learning (computers, books,). Vygotsky emphasized the language and other sign systems (such as symbolic playing) as important tools for c hildren learning. row is the cultural communication tool that transmits history and cultural values between individuals and from parents and teachers toward children.Most importantly, is incorporating the group or colleague learning as an important source of cognitive development. A good application of Vygotsky principles of social learning and the zone of approximate development zone is the strategy at which teachers encourage children with varying level of knowledge to help each other by allowing the child who master the skill to teach and guide his or her peer who still trying to master this skill. It is go along to be an effective learning strategy not only in children learning but also in adult learning. Piaget also believed that peer interactions are essential in helping children move beyond the egocentric and that children are more effective to provide information and feedback to other children about the validity of their logical constructions (Driscoll, 2005) hence the i nstructional strategies are favored that encourage peer teaching and social negotiation.Applying Piaget or Vygotsky, the teachers main goal should be to support learners and to provide the assistance plan that fulfill the learner needs and promote his thinking skills and cognitive development. Teachers should also prepare the learning environment that attracts children attention and encourages their self-discovery. The instruction plan should be designed on the exposit that classrooms have students with different cultural, linguistic and knowledge backgrounds. In preparing learning activities, teachers should be able to get children to play and learn collaboratively and enhance their understanding through teacher feedback, peer feedback and social negotiation.Symbolic Play Cognitive and Language DevelopmentAs introduced, the cognitive development theories encourage play and symbolic play-in particular- as a pedagogic strategy for active self learning and language development. In pl ay, the children initiate and take control of their activity (Driscoll, 2005) and this very nature of play along with other criteria are what distinguish play from other behaviors play is essentially motivated with self-imposed goals, play is activity of spontaneous and pleasure, play is free from imposed rules, player is an active participants in the play play focuses on means rather than ends, play is characteristics by the as if dimension that encourages children to use objects and gestures as if they were something else ( Hymans, 1991 Fein Rivikin as cited in Yan, Yuejuan Hongfen, 2005 Piaget, 1951 Rubin, Waston Jambor, 1978).In symbolic play that starts in second year of life, children use tools of objects, actions, language, signs and roles to represent something from their real or imagined world of experiences. It enables the children to build and express their understanding of all individual or social experience (Driscoll, 2005 Hymans, 1991 Lenningar, n.d Lyytinen, Poik keus Laakso, 1997 Piaget, 1951 Woolfolk, 2004). Symbolic play indicates that the child developed the two main cognitive operations reversibility and decentalisation reversibility refers to the child awareness that he or she can come from the pretended role to the real world at any time while decentralization refers to the child understanding that the child in the play is still him/her at the same time with the person he/she is imitating (Rubin 1980 as cited in Marjanovic Lesnic, 2001). The next intellectual skill noticeable in the symbolic play is conservation which refers to the child ability to preserve the imaginary identity of the play materials despite the fact they are perceptually and could be functionally inadequate (Marjanovic Umek Lesnic Musek, 2001).The social element of the symbolic play is also a very important aspect to be considered for the cognitive development in the children. According to Vygotsky, children learn to use the tools and skills they practice with social parents he also emphasized that learning occurs in social interactions and it is affected cultural context it occurs at. He however proposed that social interaction could lead to developmental delays or abnormal development as well as to normal or accelerated development (Driscoll, 2005). Piaget also highlighted the importance of social interaction for the children to develop beyond the egocentrism that is a characteristic of pre operational stage. The impact of symbolic play in this dimension is back up by Smilansky (1968) studies at which she proposed that social activities influence the development of the childs cognitive and social skills. When children are engaged in a role performance they have to reach a agreement about the play idea, the course of actions and the transformation of roles and play materials and this can only be achieved when individuals come over their egocentrism and develop the ability to communicate and empathize (cited in Marjanovic Umek Lesnic M usek, 2001). Smilansky then developed the Scale for Evaluation of outstanding and Socio-Dramatic Play the home tracks the progressive development in the use of the objects in the symbolic play over five stages. The first stage includes simple manipulation followed by the stage of imitating the adults activities of adults by using the model of the object as adult do (as using the hair brush as a microphone). In the third stage, the object becomes an instrument for enacting certain roles while in the off stage the use of object/toy goes together with the speech and gestures. The final examination stage focuses in the speech without using objects or gestures (Smilansky 1968 Smilansky Shefatya, 1990 as cited in Marjanovic Umek Lesnic Musek, 2001).Smilansky scale supported also the role of symbolic play in the language development that was firstly proposed by Vygotsky and this language-play relation has been investigated all the way since then. The research studies discussed the com ponent of the language in the context of symbolic play and mainly in the role playing part of it. In role playing, children engage in a communication dialogue with their playing parties. It is distinct that the role playing and object transformations enable the childe to use lexicographic meanings and clear speech (Pellegrini Galda as cited in Marjanovic Umek Lesnic Musek, 2001). According to Lyytinen, Poikkeus and Lassko (1997) their study to observe and examine the relationship between language and play among 110 18-month-old children showed that early talkers of these children displayed significant more symbolic play than the late talkers a significant alliance was found between the language comprehensive and percentage of symbolic play. This is supported by the study conducted by Marjanovic Umek and Lesnic Musek (2001) at which they compared three age groups of children in preschool settings with different level of play using Smilanskys Scale for the Evaluation of Dramatic and Socio-dramatic Play the observations and results proved stronger use of the language in the function of formation roles, scenes and materials that are required for the play context.More interesting studies looked into the implications of symbolic play for the education of children with special needs and disorders such as Down syndrome and Autism. ideal of these studies is the study conducted Stanley and Kinstantareas (2006) who investigated the relationship between symbolic play and other domains such as nonverbal cognitive abilities, receptive language, expressive language and social development among 131 children diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). The result indicates a significant positive relation between symbolic play and development of these domains in children with (ASD). The study also stressed that training in symbolic play will help to improve these children skills in other domains (Stanley Kinstantareas , 2006). Another recent study conducted by Venuti, Falco, Giusti and Bronstein (2008) to investigate the impact of mother-child interaction in the play on the cogitative functions of children with Down Syndrome concluded that such interaction leads to enhanced cognitive run (Venuti, Falco, Giusti Bronstein , 2008).Symbolic play, then, inked through the literature to the development of cognitive problem solving skills, linguistic transformation and creative abilities. It also supports the emotional and social development. agency playing is evident to be a way of coping with emotional conflict through which children can escape into a fantasy world in order to make sense out of the real one. From different aspect, it enhances the child self awareness and self directed when a parent or sibling plays a board game with a child, shares a bike ride, plays baseball, or reads a story, the child learns self-importance. The childs self -esteem gets a boost. Parents channel positive messages to their child when they communicate pleasure in providing him or her with periodic care. From these early interactions, children develop a vision of the world and gain a sense of their place in it. In term of social development, the children enjoy playful interactions with others staring with parents through which they learn their culture values and aspects. fundamental interaction with other children helps the children helps children to learn about boundaries, taking turns, teamwork, and competition. Children also learn to hash out with different personalities and the feelings associated with winning and losing. They learn to share, wait, and be kind.Some of the more common functions of play are to facilitate physical and moral development. Physical play develops both fine and gross motor skills. During play, children repeat certain body movements purely for pleasure, and these movements develop body muscles and control. Moreover, when children engage in play with their peers and families, they begin to learn the acceptable a nd unacceptable behaviors. During playing with peers, they learn that taking turns is reward and cheating is not they learn to appreciate teamwork, share and respect others feelings.Therefore, models of children learning and preschool education in professional settings are mainly driven from different understanding and implications of symbolic play which are in turn base on the premises of different cognitive development theories.Play and Learning Educational Framework in Kindergarten SettingsChildren learn through play is the chromatic rule that any educational frameworks in the preschool (Kindergarten) settings should revolve around. According to the theories and studies